NORSE
and OTHER EUROPEANS
and OTHER EUROPEANS
in ANCIENT AMERICA
By
FRODE OMDAHL
LARRY STROUD
MYRON PAINE, Ph. D.
December 27, 2005
December 27, 2005
.
The hunters showed themselves
The hunters showed themselves
at the north, at the east,
at the south, at the west.
MAALAN AARUM (a.k.a.), 3:6
.
NOTE TO READER
.This list of evidence that Europeans and Americans have a long history of contact was originally presented at
the Conference on Ancient America,
October 7, 8, 9, 2005
at Big Bay Michigan.
at Big Bay Michigan.
.
The Ancient Norse evidence is defined as any evidence indicating Norse Culture before 535, the explosion of Krakatoa. The rune stones in the Arkansas River valley fall into that era.
.
The Alban classification includes all of the evidence that may have come from Ireland and the British Isles. Albans, Welsh and Celtic are major peoples who lived in that area, but their close interrelationships created complications for dividing the evidence into separate cultures. The ancient evidence was not separated.
.
In the same manner, evidence associated with the Phoenicians, Iberians, Libyans, Egyptians, Hebrews and others has been grouped under the Mediterranean heading.
.
The assignment of evidence to a particular culture is made more difficult because the history of the relationships of the sea peoples around Europe is vague. Sea people, because of their environment, are rovers and traders. Some of the evidence found in America indicates that the sea people may have learned from each other. Thus a Roman carving found in America may have been carried by an Alban who sailed on both Phoenician ships (to and from Alba) and Norse ships (To America) Pytheas, a Greek in 330 BC, did not make it to America, but he wrote about such a trip as far as Iceland.
.
The list was originally planned to show only evidence for Norse in Ancient America. Reider T. Sherwin wrote in volume four of the Viking and the Red Man that “The Lenape language is Old Norse.” So, the list is limited to only the evidence in the area of North America occupied by the Lenape speaking people. Two thirds of North America, central and south America is not included. This list may represent only one ninth (1/9) of the evidence that Europeans were in Ancient America.
.
The current estimate is that there is still about five (5) times the evidence than what is included in this list. Please communicate remarks and especially sources of evidence not yet listed via the comments.
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.
TRACKS of NORSE in AMERICA
NORSE TRACKS in SOIL
Tuesday, December 27, 2005
.
CANALTuesday, December 27, 2005
.
Page 1 of 39
.
MASSACHUSETTS, Boston
Horsford, 1898, Thompson, 1994,
AA#6,p. 13
Eben Horsford found an old
canal he thought was Norse.
.
CAVE
. Macmillan
Macmillan investigated a cave
known as the Viking cave.
.
DAMS
.
MASSACHUSETTS, Boston
Horsford, 1898
Horsford found Norse dams
along the Charles River, 1893
.
FOUNDATIONS
.
LABRADOR, Nakvak
[Mak=leisure, Vakt=duty]
Grenfell, 1909, Holand, 1956,
p. 153.
" ...remains of old stone houses
[tell of] truth in [Tunnits]
.
LABRADOR, Nalliak Cove
[Mal=paint, Aki=land area]
Fitzhugh 1972?, Thompson,
1994, AA#6,p. 13
Fitzhugh found twenty-six (26)
Norse foundations.
.
LABRADOR, Sculphin Island
Mallery, 1946-50, Thompson,
1994, AA#6,p. 13
Twelve (12) foundations of
Norse houses were found.
.
MASSACHUSETTS, Boston
Horsford, Eben and Conelia, 1898
Eben and Cornelia each found
a Norse house.
MASSACHUSETTS-Hyannis
Pohl, 1952, Thompson. AA#6,
1994
Pohl found a foundation for a
Norse house.
.
NEWFOUNDLAND
Mallery, 1946-50 Thompson, 1994, AA#6,p. 13
Mallery identified fourteen (14)
house sites.
.
NEWFOUNDLAND, L'anse Aux Meadows
Ingstad, 1846, Thompson, 1994,
AA#6,p. 13
Ingstad found eight (8) Norse
foundations.
.
NEWFOUNDLAND, Sop's Island
[sopp = mushroom]
Mallery, 1946-60, Thompson,
1994, AA#6,p. 13
Mallery found many
foundations of Norse houses.
.
IRON FORGES.
ILLINOIS, Madison
Indiana Republican Banner,
1835,
Anderson, AA#6 p. 17
The newspaper reported on
an Iron Forge.
. NEWFOUNDLAND, L'anse Aux
Meadows
Ingstad, 1964, Thompson,
1994, AA#6,p. 13
Ingstad found iron forges at
L’anse aux meadows.
. OHIO, Allyn Mound, Franklin
Mallery, 1951, p. 23 f.
"Exterior of the Kiln type
smelting furnace."
[Fig. 2-12]
. OHIO, Haskins Mound.
Mallery, 1951, p. 24 f.
"Drawing of four
prehistoric iron smelting furnaces.."
. OHIO, Spruce Hill
Foster, 1811, Mallery 1951,
p, 38,
Thompson, 1994, AA#6,p. 13
"Within the area [Spruce
Hill] there are about
thirty furnaces .."
Shoemaker, 1910, Mallery,
1951, p. 7 f.
"Uncovering this Nordic
type hearth pit was only
the beginning."
. ROANOKE VALLEY
Howe, Mallery, 1946-50,
Thompson, 1994,
AA#6, p. 13
Howe found sixteen (16)
iron forges in Roanoke
Valley.
. LOCK
MASSACHUSETTS, Boston
Horsford, 1989, Thompson,
1994, AA#6, p. 13
Horsford found the
remains of a ship lock.
. MOUND, BURIAL
MASSACHETTS,
Sheepscott, Bronsted, 1950,
Boland, Anderson, 1994,
Bronsted thought that the
burial moundswere similar
to Norse.
. PALISADES
MASSACHUSETTS, Hyannia
Pohl, 1952, Thompson, 1994,
AA#6, p. 13
Pohl found remains of
Palisades.
. SHELLS
NEW ENGLAND
Science Magazine, Anderson,
1994, AA#6 p. 18
Small snail from North Sea
found dated to11th century.
.
MASSACHUSETTS, Boston
WHARVES
Horsford, 1898
Horsford found Norse
wharves along the Charles
River.
.
NORSE TRACKS of BELIEF
.
COUNCIL = ALTHINGGOVERNMENT
Maalan Aarum, Chap. IV, 1836
Lenape councils and Norse
Althings were similar.
MEDICINE
HERB WOMEN
Parker, 1994
Lenape and Norse cultures
had women with herbal
skills.
. PROCEDURES
Thomas, 1698, Meyers, 1912,
p. 323, Weslager, 1973, p. 14
[Lenape were] "as able
Doctors ..as an in Europe."
. MYTH
GLUSKAP and MALSUM
Bierlein, 1994, p. 61
Gluskap and Malsum duel
in similar way
as in Norse mythology.
. NAMES
Sherwin.1940
Gluskap, Lenape hero is Norse
Glusfadir, known as Odin.
Spencer, 1955, Bierlein, 1994,
p. 46. " ..[Norse] and Lenape
evil [person] possess..same
name.
. ORIGIN STORIES INCLUDED:
. ANIMALS
Spencer, 1955, Bierlein, 1994, p. 45.
"Like Odin, [Glooskap] trained two birds to
bring ..news."
MAN,WOMAN
Bierlein, 1994, p. 45.
"Norse ..creation of man from an ash tree .. [has] American parallel.
SPARK, (stars)
Manitonquat, 1994, p. 13.
Lenape and Norse stories included spark
(star) maker.
TREE of life, (lights)
Manitonquat,, 1994, p. 17.
Lenape and Norse origin stories had a
"sacred tree."
WORLD
Bierlein, 1994, p. 60. Pare xxx
"Tirawa [like Odin] appointed ..
East, West, North and South."
SKY
BEAR
Fell, 1977, p. 279
Americans and Europeans believed big
dipper was a bear.
CALENDAR, primstav
Bragdon, 1996, p. 124.
" ..first month ..part of April & pt. of May ,,"
Primstav starts April 14.
New England,
Verrazzano, Barron, ABC, p 61.
"Verrazzano wrote ..that natives ,,sowed at first rising of Pleiades"
NORSE TRACKS of BLOOD
ANIMALS
CAT
Ancient America Magaine
An unique cat, the Norway cat, also lived in America.
HORSE
North Carolina Ocracole Island,
Hope, 1981, Anderson, 1994, AA#6, p. 18
"..they are descendants of Norse Horses"
BEHAVIOR
WOMEN
New York,
Van Dere Donck, 1643
Van Der Donck thought American
women "differed little"
BLOND HAIR
BAFFIN ISLAND
Thompson, 1994, AA#6, p. 13
Reports of fair hair on Baffin Island date from the 1500.
LABRADOR
Thampson, 1994, AA#6, p. 13
The Jesuits reported fair haired people in Labrador in 1600s
MASSACHUSETS, Stockbridge
Anderson, 1994, AA#6,p. 15
"Cornhair" terrorized the Stockbridge
Tribe c 1600
NEWFOUNDLAND
Thompson, 1994, AA#6,p. 13
The Beotuck of Newfoundland were white and fair haired.
QUEBEC, West of James Bay.
Funk, 1940, Sherwin, 1940, p.
"Tribe of 'white Indians' ..with 'fair hair and grey eyes' [on] west shore."
BLOOD TYPE
O BLOOD
Boyd, Cooke, 1973, p.
"..Asian blood type is B. Indians run an amazing 100% O blood".
BONES
QUEBEC. Ungava,
Thomas Lee, 1968
Two of five skeletons at Pamiok were judged to be European.
DNA
HAPLOGROUP X
Greenberg and Malhi, 2001
Haplogroup X map shows European entry via Hudson Bay.
MEN
NEW YORK,
Mallery, 1950, Thompson, 1994,
AA#6,p. 13
Mallery went on quest (for Norse
artifacts) after seeing Americans like
Swedes.
NORSE TRACKS of THINGS
BONE
LATITUDE DEVICES
QUEBEC. Ottawa,
Canada Art Museum, 2005
Several latitude devices were
on exhibit.
FIBER
HAIR, Brown bear,
Smithsonian, 2000
Brown bear hair was found in Norse
Greenland weavings.
BUFFALO,
Smithsonian, 2000
Buffalo Hair was found in Norse Greenland
weaving.
SKIN BOATS
NORWAY,
Bishop Mangnus, 1505, Holand, 1940. p. 147f.
Skin boats on wall were captured by Harkon (IV?) beyond Greenland.
FRUIT
APPLES
Bardsson, c1360, Holand, 1956, p. 114.
"..lower down grew the best of fruits ...apples and good."
GLASS BEADS
MASSACHUSETTS
Glass beads were found in pre-contact sites
OHIO, Cincinnati
Glass beads were found in pre-contact Shawnee sites.
QUEBEC, Ungava,
Plummet
Plummet found 50 glass beads
from two locations
BOTTLE
Priest, 1800s
Priest reported on a Norse glass bottle.
HORN, DRINKING
ILLINOIS, waukegan,
1317, 1952,. Anderson, 1994, AA#6 p. 18
This drinking horn was found at a depth
of thirty (30) inches.
IVORY
FISH LURE
QUEBEC. Ottawa, Canada Art Museum, 2005
Ivory fish about four inches long similar
to fish on primstavs
METAL
ADZE
SA, Prince Albert,
Brondsted, Holand, 1956, p. 205.
"two adze-like implements found deep
in ground."
ARM RING
RHODE ISLAND, Newport,
Hammond, Wick, 1911, Holand, 1959,
p. 267.Lil
",,like the arm rings for the gentry of the
Middle Ages to wear."
AXE
MASSACHUSETTS. Plymouth ,
Thompson, Anderson, 1994, A.A. #6, p. 16.
Norse ax with tinfinaa script was found near
Plymouth,
MIICHIGAN, Republic, 1878:
Stafford, c1880, Holand, 1956, p. 202-204
This ax is a weapon. Handle came from
the far north.
MINNESOTA, Alexandria:
Thompson, Anderson, 1994, A.A. #6, p. 16.
An ax was found near Alexandria MN.
MINNESOTA, Brandon,
Jensen, 1930, Holand, 1940, p. 225 f
Mr. Nelson "Had received it from an Indian far back.."
MINNESOTA, Copper Falls,
Raymond, Anderson, 1994, A.A.#6 p. 16.
This axe found in 1883 is a weapon.
MINNESOTA, Cormorant Lake
Holand, 1956, p, 137.
A Norse ax was found in Cormorant Lake.
MINNESOTA, Erdahl,
Holand, 1940, p. 221f
"The axe ..is ..practically identical with St.
Olaf's axe."
MINNESOTA, Khokia:
Thompson, Anderson, 1994, A.A. #6, p. 16.
A Norse ax was found near Khokio, MN
MINNESOTA, Milan:
Thompson, Anderson, 1994, A.A. #6, p. 16.
A Norse ax was found near Milan, MN
MINNESOTA, Mora:
Thompson, Anderson, 1994, A.A. #6, p. 16.
A Norse ax was found near Mora, MN
MINNESOTA, Norway Lake,
Skaalrud, 1908, Holand, 1940, p. 231f
" ..an axe ..shows a .. similarity [with axes] in our [Danish] museum."
MINNESOTA, Sundibung,
Thompson, Anderson, 1994, A.A. #6, p. 16.
A Norse ax was found near Sundibung, MN
MINNESOTA, Thief River Falls,
Brandvold. 1919. Holand, 1940, p. 239 f.
Oslo museum curator stated, "..axes ..are closely related."
NEWFOUNDLAND,
Mallery, 1946-50, Thompson, 1994, AA#6,p. 13
Mallery found a Norse ax on Sop's Island.
NOVA SCOTIA, Cole Harbor::
Holand, 1956 p. 93, Anderson,
A.A. #6, p. 16.
A 11th cent. Norse ax was found in 1880
OHIO, Haskins Mound,
Mallery, 1951, p. 25.
"An axe was found in this [Celtic] furnace.
ONTARIO
Branrford Thompson, Anderson, 1994,
A.A. #6, p. 16.
A Norse ax was found near Brantford, Ont
.
ONTARIO, Breadmore:
Holand, 1956, p.132.
The axe was part of Norse arms found near
Lake Nipigon.
[The axe, a broken sword, and a firesteel
most likely the equipment of Norwegian
Prince Paul Knutson. A stanza of the
Lenape Maalan Aarum tells of his death.]
ONTARIO
Priest, 1800s, Thompson, 1994, AA#6,p. 13
Priest reported the find of a Norse ax.
QUEBEC,
Thomas Lee, 1968
A Norse ax was found at Pamiok.
BOAT HOOK
MINNESOTA, Lake Lakota,
Holand, 1956, p. 204.
"..boat hook, was found ..mile from this
waterway..
BOAT RIVETS
NEWFOUNDLAND, Canada:
Thompson, Anderson, 1994, A.A. #6, p. 16.
Norse boat rivets were found in Newfoundland.
PENNSYLVANIA
Thompson, Anderson, 1994, A.A. #6, p. 16.
Norse boat rivets were found in Pennsylvania
VIRGINIA:
Thompson, Anderson, 1994, A.A. #6, p. 16.
Norse boat rivets were found in Virginia
BRONZE, knives
MAINE, Arsenault. 2005
An ancient bronze dagger was found on the Kennebec River.
QUEBEC, UNGAVA
Plummet
A 1121 bronze knive was found in Ungava
CAST IRON
Priest
Priest reported the find of a large chunk of ancient cast iron.
CAULKING TOOL
VIRGINIA:
Thompson, Anderson, 1994, A.A. #6, p. 16.
A Norse style caulking tool has been found in Virginia.
CHISEL
NEWFOUNDLAND, Canada:
Thompson, Anderson, 1994, A.A. #6, p. 16.
A ancient chisel has been found. in
Newfoundland.
COINS
MAINE, 1962,
Anderson, 1994, AA#6 p. 17 Arsenault, 2005
The coin was from the reign of Olaf III,
(1066-93)
MAINE, Blue Hill Bay,
Thompson, Anderson, 1994, A.A. #6, p. 16.
A 11tb century Norse coin was found at
Blue Hill Bay., ME
FIRE STEEL
MINNESOTA, Climax,
Jevning, 1872 Holand, 1956, p 137 & 191.
Found buried two feet deep in unplowed
ground by settler.
MINNESOTA, Cormorant Lake,
Holand, 1956, p. 137.
This fire steel was found in 1870 by first
white men in area.
MINNESOTA. Detroit Lakes:
Holand, 1956, p. 196.
Fire steel was found in area not yet settled
by white men.
HALBERD
MINNSOTA, Wells.
Holand, 1956 p. 137
The halberd was for ceremonial use.
MINNESOTA, Alexandria,
Henderson, 1938, Holand, 1956, p. 137.&107
This halberd was three feet under the roots
of a tree.
MINNESOTA, Crookston,
Estenson, 1945, Holand, p. 137 & 197.
This halberd was found in 1871 along the
Red River.
HANDLE
Thompson, Anderson, 1994, A.A. #6, p. 16.
An iron handle was found.
HOOK
MINNESOTA, Holand, 1956, p. 138
"Other 14th century implements found in
western MN."
VIRGINIA,
Thomson, Anderson, 1994, A.A. #6, p. 16.
An ancient iron hook has been found.
METAL
POT
GEORGIA.
Hambershem, Thompson, Anderson, 1994, A.A. #6, p. 16.
An ancient bronze cooking pot has been found in GEORGIA.
OHIO, Spruce Hill
Mallery, 1951, p. 3f.
".. These [thousands of] copper tools were cast by expert[s].."
Thompson, Anderson, 1994, A.A. #6, p. 16.
An ancient scriber has been found.
SHIELD HANDLE
ONTARIO, Breadmore,
Holand, 1956, p. 132
Shield handle was part of Norse arms at Lake Nipigon.
SPEAR POINTS
MINNESOTA,
Holand, 1956, 138.
"Other 14th century implements found in western MINNESOTA,"
WISCONSIN:
Thompson, Anderson, 1994, A.A. #6, p. 16.
A Norse spear point was found in Wisconsin.
SWORD
LABRADOR,
Hopedale, English, 1954, Holand, 1956, p. 153.
" ...medieval Greenland sword was found not far [away].
MINNESOTA, Ulen,
Strand, Holand, 1940
Strand found the rusty sword after plowing deeper.
ONTARIO, Breadmore,
Holand, 1956 p. 132.
Sword was part of Norse weapons near
Lake Nipigon.
WORKED IRON
Howe, 1950, Thompson, 1994, AA#6,p. 13
Howe collected over four hundred (400) pounds of worked iron.
OHIO,
Hyde, 1962
Small metal objects were found in pre- contact Shawnee sites.
PICTURES
CROSS, St. Ninian's
QUEBEC, Civ. Of Man, Ottawa, 2005
Modern Lenape drew a St. Ninian's Cross
HOUSE
Kane, 1851-56, Canada Art Museum, 2005
Kane's Interior of Winter Lodge could be Norse
TURKEYS
Schleswig, c1280, Holand, 1956, p. 110.
"... eight life-like turkeys which are painted on the wall ..."
STONE, ALTAR
MINNESOTA, Sauk Lake, Holand, 1956, p. 193.
"They ..added ..details to make .. rock seem like..a church
ARROWHEAD
Ingstad
An American arrowhead was found in Greenland.
Paine, 2005
Newer stone arrowheads were similar to metal arrowheads.
BEACONS
QUEBEC. Ungava,
Thomas Lee, 1968
Stone beacons span Ungava Peninsula.
CHI`RHO MARKS
CONNECTICUT, Groton,
Whitehall, Barron, ABC, 1998m p. 54
Whitehall & Barron found a Christogram and several Chi-Rhos.
COAL
Ingstad
Anthracite coal from Rhode Island was found in Greenland.
DUCK SHELTERS
QUEBEC, Ungava,
Thomas Lee, 1968
Duck shelters for elder down were found
on Ungava
GRAVE, marker
CONNECTICUT,
Williamantic. The Chronicle, 1955, Bass, 1994,
AA#6, p.
An outline of a Norse grave looks like a ship in Connecticut.
WASHINGTON, Clallarn Tribe,
Opsjon, 1919, Anderson, 1994, AA#6,p. 14
Fight between 31 Norse and Clallarns occurred in 1010.
HAMMER OF THOR
QUEBEC. Ungava, Thomas Lee, 1968
A stone monument like Thor's Hammer stands in Ungava.
[More recent hypothesis is that the "monuments" were towers supporting a supply hut for the copper miners. The balancing stones for
this "monument" are still in place on top of the monument, but the
wooden hut has long ago rotted away."]
HEAD
QUEBEC,
Anderson, 1994, AA#6, p. 17
"A more recent find had been an eight inch sandstone head..”
QUEBEC. Ottawa, Canada Art Museum, 2005, Photo, Wahlgren, 1986
Head in helmet with nose guard is similar to Wahlgren photo on p. 49
LONG HOUSE
QUEBEC. Ungava,
Thomas Lee, 1958
Twelve (12) foundations for long houses found in Ungava
MOORING HOLE
IOWA,
Anderson, AA#6, p. 17
"..typical mooring stones have been found in western Iowa.
"
MINNESOTA,Kensington,
Holand, 1956, p, 136.
The mooring hole was found on 'island' with rune stone.
MINNESOTA, Lake Park:
Holand, 1956, p. 136.
The 7 1/4" deep round hole is drilled into a large rock.
MINNESOTA,
Holand, 1956, p, 139.
Nine (9) other mooring holes found along route of travel.
NORTH DAKOTA,
report 19, Anderson, AA#6, p. 17
" .. Records a number of possible mooring stones .
OBELISK
MAINE,
Arsenault, 2005
A stone obelisk was found on the Kennebec River, ME.
PETROGLYPHS
ONTARIO, Petersborough,
Spiro, Joseph, 1994, AA#6, p. 35
"..carvings are virtually identical [to those] along Sweden's coast."
PILLARS
NORTH DAKOTA:
Venendrye, Kahn, 1749, Holand, 1956,
p. 263.
"They [Frenchmen] found [pillars] in one place in the woods."
POT, steatite
LABRADOR,
Bird, Thompson, 1994, AA#6 p. 13
Junius Bird found steatite pots in Labrador.
RUNE STONE
DC, Washington, Potomac,
Chicago Tribune 1867, Raffinnison
"..translation given follows common
formula ..in late Medieval Iceland."
MASSACHUSETTS, Martha's Vineyard,
Priest, 1922, Holand, 1956, p. 268.
"This is.. spelling of Thollef, common Norwegian name.
Mallery, 1951, p. 9, fig. 1-4
"Rune Stone at entrance to Viking Grave on Spruce Hill."
MAN, Sandy Hook,
Signatovitch, 1933,Anderson, 1994, AA#6
Stone with three line inscription photographed before stolen.
Allardyce, 1933, Anderson, 1994, AA#6
Twenty Runes on 3'x3'x5' stone were found, then lost by museum.
MAINE, Phippsburg, Spirit Pond #1:
Haugan, 1972, eight others,
Spirit Pond #1 shows Vinland and Hoop.
Spirit Pond #2 has ten runes, spelling "Norfolk sja."
Spirit Pond #3 has 16 lines of runes.
Spirit Pond #4 has a cross on one side,
"VIN" on other.
MINNESOTA, Kensington,:
Holand, 1956, Cibley, 1994, Carlson, 1998
The Kensington rune stone dates from 1362
NORTH DAKOTA,
Venendrye, Kahn, 1749, Holand, 1956, p. 263
"Pillar ..stone ..was covered ..with unknown
characters.".
RHODE ISLAND, Greenwich (Narragansett),
Devine, Hardie, 1986, Carlson,
"The marks are clearly runes."
RHODE ISLAND, Newport, tower,
Landsverk, 1974, 3 others, Carlson, 1998
"They [the marks] are consistent with short twig runes."
SPINDLE WHORL
Ingstad
A spindle whorl was found at L'anse Aux Meadows.
TABLET
TENNESSEE,
Anderson, AA#6, p. 17
"..the ..Thruston Tablet" bears Viking- like figures."
WEST VIRGINIA, Moundville,
Pohl, 1952. Anderson, AA#6, p. 17
"Two small tablets ..bear both a cross and "Thor's Hammer."
TIFINAG ENGRAVINGS
ONTARIO, Petersborough,
Fell, 1982
"America's first recorded sea battle."
TOWER
RHODE ISLAND, Newport,
Plowden, 1960, Holand, 1956,
Chap. XVIII-XXI.
Among items listed in 1630 is "a round stone tower."
[The evidence is that this Norse Church
had been burned during the WASP 1612
voyage to destroy Catholic Churches.]
WHETSTONE,
MINNESOTA, Fish Lake, 2011
Steve Hilgren, personal communications.
Steve found a cracked whetstone.
The whetstone had an iron core.
MINNESOTA, Alexandria, 2011
Steve Hilgren, personal communications.
Steve determined that the whetstone,
which was found under the Kensington Rune Stone, also had a
metal core.
OTTAWA, Canada,
Patricia Sutherland, 2012
Patricia reported that 30 whetstones
have been collected by Canadian
museums.
SOUTH DAKOTA, Wilmot
Rand McNally RoadAtlas, 2011
One of South Dakota's two Whetstone
Rivers is near Wilmot. Wilmot means
"Everybody is Welcome."
SOUTH DAKOTA, Geddes,
State Map, 2013.
The second of South Dakota's two
Whetstone Rivers is on the west bank of the Missouri, opposite Geddes, SD.
[Other evidence, including the Verendrye stone and towers, a defensive earthworks west of the Missouri, the Crow Creek
Massacre, and the Mandan structures
in North Dakota all contribute to the
belief that Norse were on the
Missouri.]
WOOD
BOAT
RHODE ISLANE, Newport,
Hammond, Wick, 1911, Holand, 1959,
p. 267.Lil
"The boat unearthed agreed closely ...with the Viking boat.".
CALENDAR, primstav
McFaddin, 1990
Commanda, a Lenape, exhibits a
Norwegian Primstav
CHESTS
GREENLAND,
Irwin, 1980 Pane xxx
" ..archaeologists found thirty-two ..chests.." with American wood.
CROSS
MICMAC,
Holand, 1956, p. 93.
Micmacs wore crosses received from ancestors.
DOLL
BF,
Michigan State, 1978, Anderson, 1994,
AA#6 p. 18
Two inch doll of 13th on Baffin Island
has 13th century origin.
EARSPOOLS
TENNESSEE, Bat Creek, 1889,
Thomas, Gordon, 1972, McCulloch, 1998,
"..earspools, similar to those worn by the Etowah figures.
"
FIGURINE
MASSACHESETTS, Deerfield,
Paine, 2003
Two corn husk small figurines are displayed.
Plummet
A thumb size wooden figurine was found.
SLEEVES
UNGAVA
Plummet
Plummet found two (2) wooden sleeves (handles) for metal tools
SPOONS
QUEBEC. Ottawa, Civ. Of Man. Ottawa, 2005
Two wooden spoons similar Ingstad's photos
WINDER
OHIO, Ft. Ancient, Joseph, 1994, AA#6, p. 36
Wool winder in Oslo is similar to wool winder at Fort Ancient.
NORSE TRACKS of WORDS
BISHOP GNUPSON
Holand, 1956, Chap. XI.
Bishop Gnupson went to America in 1121.
BISHOP ODDSON
Oddson, 1362. Holand, 1956, p. 125.
"Inhabitants of Greenland ... turned to people of America.."
DDe BREMAN, Adam
De BREMAN, 1070, Holland, 1956, Chap. X
De Breman wrote about Vinland.
FURS
Walkendorff, c1511, Winge, 1902, Holand, 1956, p. 110.
The furs "must have come from the American mainland.
GINNUNGAGAP
Hudson Strait: Kings Mirror, c1250, Holand, 1956, p. 100
The Kings Mirror gives Ginnungagap's location.
INVENTIO FORTUNATAE
Lynn, 1360, Mercator, various others
The author wrote about 4000 Norse going
to America.
LABRADOR
Boas, Holand, 1956, p. 128
In the past] "... people bigger than the Eskimo lived there."
Gathorn-Hardy, 1921, Holand, 1956, p. 138.
"Tunnit are ... treated by traditions as ... not Eskimo.
Grenfell, 1909, Holand, 1956, p. 153.
"... large race ... called Tunnit ... used to be on this coast.
Tunes, 1656, Rochefort, Holand, 1956, p. 128
"One kind [of two natives] was tall ..well built and of fair [skin.
MARKLAND SHIP
Icelandic annals, 1347, Holand, 1956, p. 109,
"This was probably the first vessel from Markland to arrive ..."
HISTORY
NORSE KINGS
Magnus, Stromsted, Anderson, 1994,
AA#6,p. 15, Thompson, p.
King Harkon IV sailed to Merica in 1250 and 1260
Stromsted, Anderson, 1994, AA#6,p. 15
King Olaf II sailed to Merica in 1026
Stromsted, Anderson, 1994, AA#6,p. 15, Thompson, p. 24
King Harold III sailed to Merica in 1050
or 1065.
NORUMBEGA
Crignon, 1539, Holand, 1956, p. 254.
"This land is called Norumbega by the natives."
LANGUAGE
LENAPE/NORSE
Stromstead, 1974
Stromstead wrote about Norse Place names.
BLOOMFIELD
Paine,2005
Lenape words used by Bloomfield include
Norse words.
BOAS
Herskovits, 1962
Boas wrote that languages can be transmitted to cultures.
GROTIUS
Grotius, 1625
Grotius advocated the Americans had Norse language.
NORSE
RHODE ISLAND,
Williams,1644,Sherwin, 1940
Williams said that Lenape spoke Old
and ancient Norse.
PRONOUN TABLE, Icelandic
Outlines of Grammer, from Old Norse dictionary, now removed
Iceland Table shows that Lenape pronouns are Norse.
SHERWIN
The Viking and the Red Man, 1940, 42, 44,
46, 48, 50, 52, 54
Sherwin made 30,000 comparisons of Lenape & Norse words.
VUANGHAN
Vuanghan
Vuasghan wrote supporting Sherwin's comparisons
LAW CODE
GOVERNMENT
LLEWELLYN and Hoebel, 1941
Cheyenne and Iceland law codes were similar.
MAPS
EASTERN AMERICA
Verrazzano, 1524
Verrazzano wrote in 1524 that he stayed
at a Norman Villa
LONG ISLAND
Resen, 1605, Holand, 1956, pp. 140,
Resen's "Iceland" vaguely resembles
Long Island
NORTH ATLANTIC,
1424, Clavus, Thompson, 1994, AA#6, p. 22
Norway may have the map outline of Alaska.
1482, Koft,, Thompson, 1994, AA#6, p. 22
Koft map of 1482 showed a "Ventheland"
VINLAND
Jacobi, Thompson, 1994, AA#6, p. 20
Jacobi also showed Promontorium
Winlandiae
NEWFOUNDLAND,
Benhaim, 1492, Hapgood, 1966, p 58
Benaim's map of St. Lawrence was made before Columbus returned.
Resen, 1605, Holand, 1956, pp. 146 & 270.,
Newer map copied from an older source.
Stefansson, 1950, Holand, 1956, pp. 146 & 270.
"..probably [one of the] earliest ..representations of America."
WORLD
1350, Higden, Thompson, 1994, AA#6, p. 21
Higden's map of 1350 showed a "Winland"
1475. Lubeck, Thompson, 1994, AA#6, p. 21
Lubeck map of 1475 shows "Vinlad"
1569. Mercator, Chapman, AA#6 p.9
Mercator'x world map of 1569 showed Norumbege;.
NAMES
BAY, James Bay
"Hanna" on modern maps, at foot of James Bay.
"Hanna" may have morphed from, "Havn." Norwegian for harbor.
RIVER,
Attawapiskat into James Bay
Rand McNally Road Atlas
"Attawapiskat" in Old Norse meant, "There are wasps there."
Chichewan into James Bay
Bayly, 1680, Hudson Bay employees, Rich 1960, p. 80, Now
"Chichewan" means, in Norwegian, "fast water." Now Albany.
Ekwan into James Bay
current maps.
"Ekwan" means, in Norwegian, "Ain't water."
Moose into James Bay
Bayly, 1680, Hudson Bay employees, Rich 1960, p. 80, current
Animal "Moose" may be named for River. River for mouse, "Mus."
Nottaway into JamesBay
Bayly, 1680, Hudson Bay employees,
Rich 1960, p. 80, current
Nottaway morphed from "Nor's vege,",
for "The King's Way."
Slood into James Bay
Baley, 1679, Hudson Bay personnel,
Rich, 1960
Slood, in Norwegian means "Sleet." Name there before the British.
[The English called the River "Eastma
River, perhaps to obscure the "East Main
region, which was the region of the East
men, the Norse Catholics.]
ORAL HISTORIES
ABENAKI
Brinton, c1885, p. 188, Sherwin, 1940, p. 337
"Abnakis, meaning our ancestors at the east or dawn."
LENAPE
QUEBEC, Ottawa,
Commanda, McFadden, 1990.
Lenape admit that Vikings were among their ancestors.
CHEYENNE
LLEWELLYN and Hoebel, 1941
The Cheyenne ancestors came from an island in the East.
CONOY
Walam Olum, c1450, Hyde, 1962, p. 55.
The Conoy ancestors lived "in the land of Snow and Ice."
CREE
Bial,, 2000
The Ojibwa and Cree ancestors came from the East a thousand years ago.
LENI LENAPE
Paine, 2003
Leni Lenapie had originally lived near Hrein Island, Greenland.
Walam Olum, c1450, Hyde, 1962, p. 55.
The Mahigan's ancestors came from a cold, snowy place
NANTICOKE
Walam Olum, c1450, Hyde, 1962, p. 55.
The Nanticoke ancestors lived "in the land of Snow and Ice."
OJIBWA
Mickenzie, Schoolcraft,, 1856 p. 19, Sherwin, 1940, p. 336.
"They [Ojibwa] originally came from B another country."
.
SHAWNEE
Johnson, 1819, Fell, 1977, p. 279
"Florida had been inhabited by white
people, .."
Johnson, 1819, Drake, 1858, Sherwin, 1940, Fell, 1977, p. 279
The Shawnee celebrated crossing the ice for 500 years.
SNAKE PEOPLE
Hopi myth, Ancient America, Vol. 10, #63
Hopi tell of Snake people coming from
the East.
PICTOGRAPHS
MAALAN AARUM (a.k.a. WALAM OLUM)
Historian, Author, c13560
The Walam Olum, chap. 3, tells of migration from Greenland.
SAGAS
ERIC RAUDES SAGA
MAGNUSSON and PALSSON, 1966
Eric Raudes Saga tells of Viking settlement driven away.
GREENLAENDINGE
MAGNUSSON and PALSSON, 1966
The Greenlaendinge saga tells of Leif Erikson's visit.
Alban TRACKS of THINGS
FIBER
HAT
QUEBEC. Ottawa, Canada Art Museum, 2005
Micmac hood has eight St. Ninian's
Crosses.
QUEBEC. Ottawa, Civ. of Man, Ottawa, 2005
Six panel hat similar to Laplander hat.
TAILS on MEN
VIRGINIA,
White, 1565. Dexter & Dexter, 1938, McMasters & White drew men with tails similar to Cornwall carvings
IRON FORGES
OHIO, Spruce Hill
Porter, Mallery, 1951, p. 8 f.
In the fall of 1951 we uncovered a Celtic furnace.
METAL
SWORD
Thomas, May, 1994, AA#6, p. 39
Sword has a circle cross typical of Alban's
PICTURE
CROSS, eye
Kane, 1851-56, Canada Art Museum, 2005
Kane's painting shows Cross with eye (Columba's)
DRESS
SOUTH DAKOTA,
Mandan, Catlin, 1833, Holand, 1940, p. 270
Women's dress has two eight-point
compasses in the pattern.
FAIR HAIR
SOUTH DAKOTA, Mandan, Catlin, 1833, Holand, 1940, p. 270
"..many whose skiNs are almost white, ..with blue eyes."
PLASA BIRD
KANSAS,
Jim Mitchael, AAAPF conference, 2005 AA#65, p. 18
"identical similarity between Wales coat of arms and the Plasa Bird.
STONE
CHAMBER
MASSACHUSETTS,
Upton, Barron, ABC, 1998, p. 59
The chamber is built like some ancient ..Christian buildings.."
DOLMEN
MASSACHUSETTS, Hampton,
Whithall, Fell 1982, p. 59
Small Dolmen is similar to Dolmen on Orkney Island.
MASSACHUSETTS, Lynn,
Whitall, Fell, 1982, p.66
Massive capstone similar to Dolmen at Trelleborg, Sweden.
MASSACHUSETTS, Martha's Vineyard,
Gay Head,
Hall, Fell, 1982, p. 56
Dolmen is similar to Dolmen on Orkney Islands
MASSACHUSETTS, Westport,
Fell, 1982, p. 57
Two Dolmens are similar to a Dolmen on Orkney Island.
MINNESOTA,Lake Lujenda,
Harvey, Fell, 1982, p. 67
Massive capstone similar to Dolmen at Trelleborg, Sweden
NEW HAMPSHIRE,
Bartlett, Brodner, Fell, 1982 p. 67
Massive capstone similar to Dolmen at Trelleborg, Sweden
NEW YORK, North Salem,
Fell, 1982, p. 68
Massive 90 ton capstone similar to Dolmen at Trelleborg, Sweden
VERMONT, (central),
Germano, Williams, Fell, 1982, p. 59
Collapsed Dolmen has inscription area similar to one in Scotland.
ENGRAVING
ILLINOIS, Alton,
Michael, 2005, AAAPF, AA#65, p. 18
Plasa Bird carved on a high cliff over Mississippi is Wales Coat of Arms.
EQUINOX LIGHT ANIMATION
OKLAHOMA, Anubis Cave,
Bell, Farley and McGlone, 1993, AA#65 2005
Ogam inscriptions in the Gaelic language and Libyan writing.
FACE
MASSACHUSETTS, Essex,
1933, Peabody Museum, Fell 1982, p. 99
"Invites comparison with ..known Celtic sculpture." Vannes, Brittany.
MAINE, Searsmont,
Bell, 1982, p. 98
Carved face of "Celt, executed in bedrock.
WOOD
BOX
ONTARIO, Micmac, 1858,
Canada Art Museum, 2005
Micmac Box had St. Ninian's Cross
w/Maltese Cross
CROSS, St. Ninian's
QUEBEC. Ottawa, Civ. Of Man, Ottawa, 2005
A baby board has a St. Ninian's Cross in the design, 1800s
HOUSE
SOUTH DAKOTA, Mandan, Catlin, 1833, Maximilian, 1834, Holand, 278 f.
The Mandan house resembles ancient Alban housing."
Alban TRACKS of WORDS
MAPSALBANIA
Thompson, 1994, AA#6, p. 22
"..Vinland, Greenland, and .. Albania are
shown.
ORAL HISTORIES
ANCESTOR
SOUTH DAKOTA, Mandan,
Maximilian, 1834, Holand, 1940, p. 271
" ..early ancestor as being a white man, who had come ,, in a big canoe."
CHRISTIAN BELIEFS
SOUTH DAKOTA, Mandan,
Catlin, 1833, Maximilian, 1834, Holand, 1940.
"..Mandans ..have been ..with ..people of Christian Practices."
WAMPANOAG
Manitonquat, 1994, p. 40.
Manitonquat wrote of Wampanoag coming from Scotland via Iceland. Even more
impressive, the original Christians lived
in a city under a city. There is only one
known "city under a city."
That city is in TURKEY.
Ancient NORSE TRACKS in SOIL
DAMSUNGAVA
QUEBEC, Ungava, Thomas Lee, 1968
Lee found a dam near the European Village at Payne Lake.
FOUNDATIONS
MICHIGAN
Roland, A.A. Vol. 10, #63 p. 36
A large town of foundations lies under wheat.
MOUNDS
BURIAL
OKLAHOMA, Spiro,
Joseph, 1994, AA#6, p. 36
Vikings buried with armor the same as burial in Sipro Mounds.
OKLAHOMA, Spiro,
Joseph, 1994, AA#6, p. 34
Earthen mound with clay under pallet similar to Norse
OKLAHOMA, Spiro,
Joseph, 1994, AA#6, p. 36
Swedish mounds were domed similar to Spiro Mounds.
OKLAHOMA, Spiro,
Joseph, 1994, AA#6, p. 36
The north mound at Jelling has same layout as Spiro Mounds
TENNESSEE, Bat Creek, 1889,
Thomas, Gordon, 1972, McCulloch, 1998,
",,skeletons were ..surrounded by dark covered earth."
Ancient NORSE TRACKS of BELIEF
MYTH
SWASTIKAOKLAHOMA, Spiro,
Joseph, 1994, AA#6, p. 37
Witchita spider story has parallels with Thor's flying hammer.
Ancient NORSE TRACKS of THINGS
METALARMOR
OKLAHOMA, Spiro,
Joseph, 1994, AA#6, p. 34
Copper breast plates, shields, armor lay in Norse-like grave.
AXE
MASSACHUSETTS, Gloucester,
Fell, 1982, p. 177 Goodwin Collection,
Axe has Tinfinaa engravings
NOVA SCOTIA, Cold Harbor,
Fell, 1982, p. 177, Goodwin Collection,
Axe has Tinfinaa engravings
COPPER
OHIO, ingot, 4'x6'
Fell, p. 165
"Similar types occur ,, in other mound sites.." in OH, WV, IN, KN.
SHELLS
ENGRAVING
OKLAHOMA, Spiro,
Joseph, 1994, AA#6, p. 37
Swastika disk at Spiro Mounds is similar to Norway metal disk.
OKLAHOMA, Spiro,
Joseph, 1994, AA#6, p. 34
"[engraved ..eye in hand motif with ..serpents"like Norway church."
OKLAHOMA, Spiro,
Joseph, 1994, AA#6, p. 34
"[engraved] ..beast physically conforms to its Norse counterpart."
OKLAHOMA, Spiro,
Joseph, 1994, AA#6, p. 36
Engraving from Spiro Mounds is similar to Swedish portrayal of Odin.
OKLAHOMA, Spiro,
Joseph, 1994, AA#6, p. 37
Another Spiro Mound engraving may show a Viking ship.
OKLAHOMA, Spiro,
Tynin, 1937, Joseph, 1994, AA#6, p. 37
The Bishop's plate engraving shows a man before an altar.
STONE
CHAMBER
CONNECTICUT, Groton, Gungywamp
Chamber with natural features is similar to Aarhum, Denmark.
MASSACHUSETTS, Concord,
Fell, 1982 p. 74
Chamber with slab capstone is similar to Aarhum, Denmark.
NEW YORK, North Salem, Mystery Hill Garfall, Fell, 1982, p. 77
Chamber with slab capstone is similar to Aarhum, Denmark.
NEW YORK, North Salem, Mystery Hill, Garfall, Fell, 1982, p. 77
Underground chamber with massive capstone is similar to Aarhum, Denmark.
VERMONT, South Woodstock,
Dix, Fell, 1982, p. 78
Chamber with earth mound is similar to Aarhum, Denmark.
VERMONT,White River, (central) Vermont, Garfall, Fell, 1982, p. 76
Chamber with entrance block by earth slide is similar to Aarhum, Denmark.
VERMONT, South Woodstock,
Garfall, Fell, 1982, p. 76
Underground chamber is similar to one near Aarhum, Denmark.
ENGRAVING SITE
ONTARIO, Petersborough, 1700 BC,
Craig, Phipps & Davis,1954,
ENGRAVING, Ogam
MINNESOTA,Deer Isle, Penobscot Bay,
Crow Point,
Pearson, 1957,
"A sheltered island, where ships may lie in a harbor.
Haakon bought his cog here."
RUNE STONE
OKLAHOMA, Heavener:
Covey, 1994, Carlson, 1998
The Heavener runestone has 9th century runes.
OKLAHOMA, Poteau.
Farley, 1951
"Without question, these inscriptions are runic."
OKLAHOMA, Shawnee.
Farley, 1951, 6 others, Carlson, 1998, ABC.
"Without question, these inscriptions are runic."
TABLET
MICHIGAN,
Roland, A.A. Vol. 10, #63 p. 36
Tablet tells of solar eclipse, July 27, 352.
WALL, dry stone
VERMONT (central),
Germano, Fell, 1982, p. 75
Free standing wall is similar to those in western Scotland.
TRADE
NETWORK
OKLAHOMA, Spiro,
Joseph, 1994, AA#6, p. 36
Birka, Sweden, was trading hub similar to Spiro, OK.
OKLAHOMA, Spiro,
Joseph, 1994, AA#6, p. 34
Oklahoma sailors traded from Canada to eastern Mesoamerica.
WOOD
BOW, compound
QUEBEC, Ungava,
Thomas Lee, 1968
A tip of a compound bow was found under a stone bench.
SHIPS
OKLAHOMA,Spiro,
Joseph, 1994, AA#6, p. 34
"..people known to build and navigate 3- masted ships.
Mediterranean TRACKS of BELIEF
MYTHS
RELATIONSHIPSBierlein, 1994, p. 178.
"..four parallel myths ,, Blackfoot, [& three from Mediterranean.
ENGRAVINGS
PHOENICIAN
NEW MEXICO.
Hibben, 1936, Perkins, 1970, AA#65,
pp.34-35
The letters carved on Mystery rock are Phoenician. Meaning is related.
TABLETS
MICHIGAN ,
Worth, 1848, Scotfold, Savage, Soper, AA#65, pp. 20-21
"The [black] slate [of the tablets] does indeed come from Michigan."
FIBER
CROSS, Maltese
QUEBEC, Ottawa, Canada Art Museum, 2005
Sioux black wool suit with Maltese
Sun Symbol
DRESS
QUEBEC, Ottawa, Civ. of Man, 2005
Sioux dress has Maltese Cross ornament.
QUEBEC, Ottawa, Civ. of Man., 2005
Beaded dress has Greek Crosses and an Ankh symbol
GLOVE
QUEBEC,Ottawa, Civ. Of Man, Ottawa, 2005
Glove has Greek cross and eight point compass
GLASS
CROSS, Greek
QUEBEC, Ottawa, Civ, of Man. Ottawa, 2005
Moccasins have Greek crosses in bead work.
METAL
AXES, bronze
CONNECTICUT,
Essen, Fell, 1997, p. 127
Compares favorably to Iberian axe from Sanlvcar Spain.
CONNECTICUT, Windsor,
Fell, 1997, p. 127
Compares favorably to Iberian axe from Porto Portugal.
MASSACHUSETTS,
Gill, Fell, 1997, p. 127
Compares favorably to Iberian axe from Rondo La Viega.
VERMONT,
Milton, Fell, 1997, p. 127
Compares favorably to Iberian axe from Les Miltares.
BRONZE knives
MASSACHUSETTS, Milbury,
Fell, 1997, p. 127
Compares favorably to knife from Caimbra, Portugal
MASSACHUSETTS, Pepperell,
Fell, 1997, p. 127
Compares favorably to knife from Alcala, Portugal
MAINE, Monhegan,
Fell, 1997, p. 127
Compares favorably to knife from Palmela, Portugal
VERMONT, Swanton,
Fell, 1997, p. 127
Compares favorably to knife from Vila Nova, Portugal
BRONZE, needles
CONNECTICUT, Plantsville,
Fell, 1997, p. 127.
Compares favorably to Iberian needle from Palmela, Portugal.
MAINE, Andover,
Fell, 1997, p. 127
Compares favorably to Iberian needle from El argar, Spain.
MAINE, Marrimanport,
Fell, 1997, p. 127
Compares favorably to Iberian needle from El argar, Spain.
VERMONT, Swanton,
Fell, 1997, p. 127
Compares favorably to Iberian needle from Car Mona.
BRONZE, rings
TENNESSEE Bat Creek, 1889,
Thomas, Gordon, 1972, McCulloch, 1998,
"They were a popular ornament in the MediterraneanWorld."
WEST VIRGINIA, Moundsville, 1838,
Fell, 1997, p. 166.
"..copper armbands, resembling those of the Egyptian Bronze Age."
WEST VIRGINIA, Moundsville, 1838,
Fell, 1997, p. 166.
" ..found ..at a depth of 60 feet.." [beside Iberian tablet.]
BRONZE, spear point
MICHIGAN, Peterson, 2001, AA#65, p. 19
[Peterson found] " ..ancient copper tools and spear points."
COINS
ARKANSAS,
Farley, 1998, ABC, p. 241.
" ..an ancient Carthaginian coin, with the ..portrait of Tanit."
DC, Washington, Potomac,
Chicago Tribune, 1987, Raffinnison,
"..Icelandic women buried in 1051 with ..roman coins."
NEW JERSEY, Sandy Hook,
A.A. Vol. 10, #63, p. 35
Eight Roman coins dated between
331-383
METAL MEDALLION
MICHIGAN, 1929,
AA#50, 2003, AA#65 p. 33
Token found on Isle Royale was made in India between 700 & 1300 AD
TANIT
OHIO,
Birsko, Farley, 1998, ABC, p. 241.
"Two images ..cut from sheet copper ..in an ..Indian mound.
"
PICTURE
CROSS, Maltese
QUEBEC. Ottawa, Canada Art Museum, 2005
Kane, 1851-56,
Kane's Horse racing shows two Maltese Crosses
QUEBEC. Ottawa, Canada Art Museum, 2005
Kane, 1851-56,
Kane's Scalp Dance shows two Maltese Crosses.
QUEBEC. Ottawa, Canada Art Museum, 2005 Paul Kane 1851-56,
Painting of Scalp Dance shows two Maltese Sun Symbols.
PLANTS
CORN
India, 4 temples, Johannesen, ABC, 1998, p.110f.
"Indians ..must have had early sailing contact with the Americans .."
SHELL
TANIT
OKLAHOMA, Spiro,
Fell, 1980, Farley, 1998, ABC, p. 242.
"... a native ..boat bears three symbols of Tanit."
STONE
ENGRAVING
MASSACHUSETTS, Bourne, Aptueset stone, Strandwold, 1948, Fell. 1997. p.
" ..Iberian inscription.." Transcription, "..Hanno takes possession”
MICHIGAN, Grand Traverse Bay, 1870, Ramsdell, Parker, Buchanan,
"..there is little likely hood ..that ,,America ever [had] isolation.
OHIO, Piqua,
Moorehead, ?, Landsverk, 1974, Carlson, 1998, ABC,
"..the roots are to be found either in Mediterranean ,,
"
OKLAHOMA, Bache,
Farley, Fell, p. 160.
"The South Iberian script reads from right to left.."
OKLAHOMA, Pontotoc,
Farley, Scott, Fell, 1977, p. 159
"..the work of early Iberiean colonist in America."
TENNESSEE, Bat Creek, 1889,
Gordon, 1972, McCulloch, 1998, ABC,
"No one has ,,made a better ..suggestion .. \[Paleo-Hebrew]
WEST VIRGINIA, (central),
Strandwold, 1948, Carlson, 1998
"..the roots are to be found either in Mediterranean .."
WEST VIRGINIA, Grave Creek, 1838,
Fell, 1977, p. 21
"..studies show the language ..is Punic (Phoenician)."
WEST VIRGINIA, Grave Creek,
Schoolcraft, 1824, 2 others, Carlson, 1998
"..Fell describes .. It as an Iberian inscription written in Phoenician."
WEST VIRGINIA, Grave Creek,
Strandwold, 1948, Fell, 1977, p. 158.
"..it is clearly related to the Iberian culture of Moundville."
ENGRAVINGS
OKLAHOMA, panhandle, Anubis Caves,
Farley, 1978, Fell, 1985a,
Five caves with equinox markings also include Anubis, Egyptian God.
FIGURINE
MISSOURI, Belmont,
Foster, 1873, Prehistoric Races of the United
States.
A captive is shown bound with a rope tying elbows behind back.
OHIO, Newark,
Wryck, 1860, AA #65 2005
Carving of Moses with the Ten Commandments is a prayer aid.
RIVER REDBANK,
10 mi so. Sandyhook, NJ, A.A.#63
Figurine of man and women estimated from 200 AD.
MARKS
ONTARIO, Peterborough,
Fell, 1982-89, Kelly, ABC, p. 170f
"..inscriptions of Peterborough, Scandinavia, and Italy are .words.";
STONE
SLATE SLAB
IOWA. Davenport,
Gass, 1874, Putnam Museum
AR15339, Fell,
"It seems clear that Iberian ..speakers
were living in Iowa.
"
SUNDIAL MOLD (?)
OHIO, Smith, 1077, AA#65, p. 18
" ..unusual stone ..resembling a colossal arrowhead ..mold for sundial
TABLET
NEW YORK, Long Island, Eagle Neck, 1888,
Fell, 1977, p. 270
"..the Libyan inscription, ..matches the Egyptian ..not .forged."
TANIT
CALIFORNIA, Joshua Tree Park,
Farley, 1998, ABC p. 242.
"A small petroglyph of a Tanit-like figure was photographed."
CALIFORNIA, Owens Valley,
Farley, 1998, ABC p. 243.
Farley found Tanit figures in two locations.
COLORADO, Farley, 1974,1998, ABC, p. 242.
"The first image of Tanit ..recorded in America."
KANSAS,
Farley, 1998, ABC, p. 241.
" ,,on a cliff side in Kansas north of the Arkansas River."
LOUISIANA,
Hornbeck, Sandell, 1980, Farley, 1998,
ABC p. 243.
Boulder with Tanit " ..had been sticking out of a reservoir clay bank ..."
NORTH CAROLINA,
Jolley, 1990, Farley, 1998, ABC, p. 240.
"..Tanit found ..on a vertical stone surface ..near ,,two rivers,"
NEW MEXICO,
Patterson, Farley, 1998, ABC p. 242.
" ..an image of Tanit within a radiant circle."
NEVADA,
Farley, 1998, ABC, p. 241
" ,,in a Nevada petrograph."
OKLAHOMA,
Farley, 1995, 1998, ABC p. 242.
"..a lovely petrograph of Tanit with legs and feet."
OKLAHOMA,
Farley, 1998, ABC, p. 241.
" ..in eastern Oklahoma in a dry creek bed,"
TENNESSEE,
Fell, 1991, Farley, 1998, ABC, p. 241.
"..her image is .. Incised on ..an
Indian pipe."
VERMONT, 1975,
Farley, 1998, ABC, p. 240.
Tanit was found in a megalith chamber in Vermont.
STONE
WAND, ritual ceremonial
Capps, 2005, AA#65 p. 22
[This wand]" ..associate[s] with similar pieces from Mediterranean."
STREETS
OHIO, Spruce Hill
Foster, 1811, Mallery, 1951, p. 2
"The streets are in regular squares."
Mediterranean TRACKS of WORDS
HISTORYATLANTIC, west
Herodotus, c 480 B.C. Trento, 1978,
McGlone and Leonard,
"..Phoenician trading customs beyond the Pillars of Hercules."
Avienus, 450 B.C. Trento, 1978,
McGlone and Leonard,
".. Himileo ..originated ..Cornish tin-route via the Atlantic."
Plato 400 B.C.
Trento, 1978, McGlone and Leonard, 1986,
"Writes of ..Atlantis and other continents beyond."
Theopompus, 378 B.C.
Trento, 1978, McGlone and Leonard,
" ..describes an island of immense size out in the ocean."
Aristotle, 360 B.C.
Trento, 1978, McGlone and Leonard,
" ..country outside [Gibraltar] is fertile, well rooted, fruited .."
Sirabo, 100 B.C.
Trento, 1978, McGlone and Leonard, 1986,
" Speaks of ..traffic outside [Gibraltar] and hints of circumnavigation,"
Diodorus, 21 B.C.
Trento, 1978, McGlone and Leonard, 1986,
"..Phoenicians had discovered ..long ago but ..kept ..secret."
Seneca, 30
Trento, 1978, McGlone and Leonard, 1986, Table I.
" ..there might be land on the other side of the Atlantic."
Mela 44,
Trento, 1978, McGlone and Leonard, 1986, Table I
"Reports that "Indians" had been ..cast on the shores of Germany,"
Plutarch, 70,
Trento, 1978, McGlone and Leonard, 1986,
"Far west in the ocean ..stretches a great continent."
Pausanias 150,
Trento, 1978, McGlone and Leonard, 1986,
"West of the Atlantic ..inhabitants are red skinned."
Aelianus, 200,
Trento, 1978, McGlone and Leonard, 1986,
"..Phoenicians ..[had] common knowledge of a "huge" Island.."
Proctus, 440,
Trento, 1978, McGlone and Leonard, 1986,
" ,,inscriptions often found on pillars told of the history of the people."
LANGUAGE
EGYPTIAN, Micmac,
Maillard, 1865, Fell, 1977, p. 280
Maillard preserved Micmac symbols showing Egypt contact.
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